Semester 1

Hi guys welcome to my e-primbon semester 1.

Hmm,the first one I say thank you for reading or opening it. Hopeffully this can be useful ad beneficial to you all :)

Ok.the first starts with the material's semester 1 

Invitation.

Definition :

Invitation is Invitation tells about how to invite or ask someone to come along or join a particular program or activity.

Here are some expression to invite and except or decline an invitation.

*Formal invitation : Is usually originate from institutes,companies,and kind of it.Normally,formal invitation is written invitation.

*Informal invitation: Is personal invitation given to a friend,family,etc.Informal invitation can be written invitation and verbal invitation.

*Inviting :

-Will you go with me ..?

-Please do come to my house.

-Please do look me up.

-Will you come with me to Rani’s birthday party?

-Would you like to..?

-Shall well ..

-I would like you to ..

*How to accept an invitation :

-Thank you..

-Sure.

-All right(then)

-I wont to say no..

-O.K !

-Thank you,I’d like to very much.

*Declining an invitation :

-Sorry,I can’t

- I would love to, but…

-That’s nice/great. Unfortunately/However…

-That’s very kind of you, but…

-Sorry, that wouldn’t be possible. Thanks anyway

-I’m afraid I  can’t

-I can’t for now because I’m busy

*Excample of invitation:

1.Hallowen party invitation

2.Birthday invitation

3.Chrismast party invitation

4.New Year’s party invitation

5.Wedding invitation

                                                                  Advertisement          

-The definition of advertisement:

Advertisement is an information for persuading and motivating people so that they will attract to the service and the things that are offered or informed.

- Function of advertisement:

  Promotion

  Communication

  Information

- In making advertisement, keep the following points :

1. Language of advertisement :

  Using the correct or suitable words

  Using the interesting and suggestive expressions

  Text of advertisement should be directed to the goals

2. Content of advertisement:

  Objective and honest

  Brief and clear

  Not allude group or other producer.

-Kinds of advertisement :

1.Family advertisement

2.Invitation advertisement

3.Sponsored advertisement

4.Requested advertisement

5.News advertisement

6.Announcement advertisement

7.Goods advertisement

8.Merit advertisement

* Media  of advertisement

   By television

   By radio

   Billboard

   Leaflet

   Pamflet etc

Gaining Attention

Definition of Gaining attention is a way or expression that is spoken so that other people will pay their attention  to what we want to.

*The example expressions of gaining attention :

• Attention, please

• May I have your attention, please?

• Excuse me, look here!

• Listen to me, please

•  Waiter?

•  I’m sorry, but…

• Wow really?

Greetings

Definition of greeting is the expression which is used to address  someone or other people.

A.How do you greet other people?

1.Good Morning/Afternoon/Evening/Night, nite

2.Hello, Ewo

3.Hello Agnes

3.How are you?

4.How’s everything with you?

5 How’s life ?

6.How are you getting along ?

7.How are you doing ?

a)Fine, thanks

b) Pretty good, thanks

c) I’m well, thanks

d)Not bad, thanks. And you?

B.How  do you  introduce yourself?

(1)Let me introduce my self, my name is Oghy

(2)Hello, I’m Ladia    

(3)Hi, I’m Adi Pramono. You can call me Mono.

(4)Hello, my name is Yeni Pratiwi

C.How do you introduce other people?

- I would like to introduce Ria Saputri

- I would like you to meet Grace                    

- Excuse me, let me introduce you a new friend. His name is Deliayana Anggen     

D.How do you close or end your conversation?

-Well, I should be going now. See you !

- I’m sorry, but I have to go now. It’s been nice talking with you. See you later

- Well, I must be off now. I’ll talk to you later!

-Bye bye

-Good bye

-Have a good time

-GBU

-Be careful, take care

-See you

-So long

-See you soon

-See you later, make a call, will you?

Appointment

Definition of appointment tells about agreement for meeting. It is good to make an appointment before you meet someone or people.

I.Making an Appointment

  I’d like to make an appointment with Kristian

• I want to make an appointment to see…

• Can I come and see you?

  I’ll be there

What about….(thank you)

 II.Accepting an Appointment

• All right, see you there

• No problem, I’m free on….(Thursday)

•Be there on time

•I’ll wait for you

•It’s a deal

III.Canceling an Appointment

• I’m sorry, I’m very busy

•  I’m terrible sorry I have to put off my appointment

• I’m afraid I have to postpone my appointment with….(Dr. Stephen Tong) tomorrow morning

IV. Changing an Appointment

•What about …..(Thursday at 04.00 p.m.)

• Is that ok, if we meet at…..

• Well, I must be off now. I’ll talk to you later!

•Could we change the schedule of the meeting?

•Do you have another time this afternoon

Happiness Expression

Definition of happiness Expression is an expression that is used to show that someone or people are glad have excited feelings.

What would you say to express you happiness?

- I’m happy……

- I’m (very)pleased / (really) delighted (about)….

-I can’t say how pleased / delighted I am about it

-  I am so glad to hear that

- Great!

-Fantastic!

-That’s wonderful!

-Yipee!

-It is good news.

-I find it very excting.

Announcement

Definition of announcement is something said, written, or printed to make known what has happened or (more often) what will happen.

 In writing an announcement, keep the following points ;

- the title/type of event,

- Date/time, place and

- contact person

We can find announcement in television, radio, newspaper, wall magazines in school, etc.

*The text organitation:

-Openning

-Content

*Characteristic of announement:

-Use simple present tense

-Use simple future tense

-Use simple past tense

Procedure Text

The Definition of Procedure Text

Procedure text is a text that is designed to describe how something is achieved through a sequence of actions or steps.It explains how people perform different  processes in a sequence of steps.This text uses simple present tense,often imperative sentence.It also uses the temporal conjunction such as : first,second,then,next,finally,etc

The generic structures of procedure text are:

• Goal / aim ( or title)
• Materials ( not required for all procedural texts)
• Steps ( the actions that must be taken)

Example :

How to Make a Greeting Card

Materials :

-Hard paper

-Various stickers

-Colouring pens

Instructions:

-Fold the paper into two

-Decorate the front page with the various stickers

-Open the paper

-Write the name of the receiver of the card at the upper part with colouring pens

-Then,write your messages in the center part of the page

-Don’t forget to write the name of the sender of the card under it

-Your greeting card is ready to send

Simpathy Expression

Definition:Sympathy Expression is an expression or feelings of pity and sorrow when we know and see someone or people are unlucky or have trouble and in nad condition.

*How can we give sympathy expression to someone??                            
We express it directly to him/her orally or we can use a letter or card by post also by short message service (SMS), e-mail, television, radio and newspaper if he/she who got the trouble is far from us.

*Several expression of sympathy:

-I'm sorry to hear that

-OH, awful

-Oh, dear

-How pity you are

-How terrible

Narrative Text

Definition:

Narrative text is a text that is used for the purpose of entertaining or amusing,creating,stimulating emotions,motivating,guilding and teaching the readers or listener and it usually deals with actual or vicious experience.

The Purpose of Narrative Text:

§  To amuse or to entertain the readers or listener about story.

The Generic Structure of Narrative Text:

·         Orientation : It sets the scene and introduces the participants( it answers the questions=who,when,where,what).

·         Complication: It shows when the crisis arises.

·         Resulotion : It shows when the crisis is resolved,for a better or worse condition.

Language features of Narrative :

§  Focus on specific and usually individualized participants

§  Use of materials processes(and in this text,behavioral and verbal processes)

§  Use of relational processes and mental processes

§  Use of temporal conjunctions and temporal circumstances

§  Use of past tense

The example of Narrative Text:

Jack and the Beanstalk

There was once upon a time a poor widow who had an only son named Jack. They were so poor that they didn’t have anything except a cow. When the cow had grown too old, his mother sent Jack to sell it. On the way to the market, Jack met a butcher who had some beautiful beans in his hand. The butcher told the boy that the beans were of great value and persuaded the silly lad to sell the cow for the beans.

Jack brought them happily. When he told his mother about this, his mother became so angry that she threw the beans out of the window.

When Jack woke up in the morning, he felt the sun shining into a part of his room, but all the rest was quite dark and shady.

So he jumped to the window. What did he see? The beanstalk grew up quite close past Jack’s window. He opened the window and jumped onto the beanstalk which ran up just like a big ladder.

He climbed…and climbed till at last he reach the sky. While looking around, he saw a very huge castle. He was very amazed.

Recount Text

Definition : Recount text is a text that is used to retell event for the purpose of informing  or entertaining.

Generic structure (susunan umum) recount text ini terdiri dari:

• Orientation tells who was involved, what happened, where the events took place, and when it happened. ("Orientation" menceritakan siapa saja yang terlibat dalam cerita, apa yang terjadi, di mana tempat peristiwa terjadi, dan kapan terjadi peristiwanya)

• Events tell what happened and in what sequence. ("Event" menceritakan apa yang terjadi (lagi) dan menceritakan urutan ceritanya)

• Reorientation consists of optional-closure of events/ending. ("Reorientation" berisi penutup cerita / akhir cerita)

The significant lexicogrammatical features :

• Uses of simple past tense
• Uses  of temporal conjuctions ( when ,after,before,next,later,then)
• Uses of personal pronoun ( I and We )

Example Recount Text:                                       

A Page from A Girl's Diary

It was takbiran night. It was also my birthday, and nothing happened. Or I had thought nothing would happen, but I was wrong.

That night, I was watching television with my family when I heard someone lit fireworks in my front yard. I peeped trough my window glass but could see nothing. It was very dark outside. Then I thought it had to be my cousins who lit the fireworks. Then I plopped down on my sofa again and tried to concentrate on the television since my mind raced with disappointment that no one gave something special on my birthday. I shrugged, it was almost the end of the day and I became pessimist. Five minutes later my mobile beeped. It was a text from my friend asking me to come out. Wondering what was going on, I grabbed my jacket and hurried to the front door. I was surprised to see her bring a bag full of firework and fire drills. Next I was surprised to see my other friend come out from the darkness. She brought a beautiful birthday cake on her hands. Oh my God! I shrieked. Then they gave the cake to me who was too stunned to say anything. I realized I was blushing furiously because my whole family was watching. Not to mention my neighbors too!

A plain day, or I thought it was before, turned out to be one of the greatest moment in my life. I didn’t even know how to describe what I felt. Happy was the simplest word.

Past Tense

Defintion: Past tense is to tell the events or incidents at the past time.

Past tense is used :

• When the speaker thinks of an activity or state as occurred and complete at a specific time in the past
• For a non-fact in the present or future  time.This is traditionally called the” subjunctive mood “.

Simple Past Tense:

Formula:

 (+) Subject + verb II + complement

 (-)  Subject + did not + verb II + complement

(?)  Did + subject + verb I

The examples :

(+)  I went to Tangkiling yesterday

 (-)  I did not go anywhere last night

  (?) Did you go last week?

Adverbs used : yesterday, lat night, last week, two days ago, e few  minutes ago, last weekend, last month, last year, in 1984, etc.

The Simple Past Tense:

Simple Past Tense is kind of tense which is used to describe an event or action that happened already in a certain time in the past.

Adverbs used: yesterday,last night ,last week,two days ago,a few minutes ago,last weekend ,last month ,last years,in 1984,etc.

Simple past for regular verbs is added by- ed to the root of a word.

Example : She worked at the office yesterday

A negation is produced by adding did not and the verb in its infinitive form.

Example : She did not work at the office yesterday.

Question sentence are started with did as in Did  she work at the office yesterday ?

Verbal

There are two pattern of Simple Past Tense :

1(.+ ) Subject + verb II + complement

(-) Subject + did not + verb I + complement

(?) Did + subject + verb I ?

Nominal

2. ( + ) Subject + to be ( was/were ) + Object
( – ) Subject + to be ( was/were ) + Not + Object
( ? ) To be ( was/ were ) + Subject + Object ?

Past Continuonus Tense

Past Continuonus Tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an event or an action which was happening in a certain in the past.

As with the present tense,the continuous aspect that the activity is in progress ,or that it is uncompleted ,at  the specified time.

The Pattern:

( +) Subject + to be ( was/were ) + verb – ing + complement

( -) Subject + was not / were not + verb- ing + complement

( ?) Was/were + subject + verb-ing + complement ?

Past Continuonus Tense
Past Continuonus Tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an event or an action which was happening in a certain in the past.
As with the present tense,the continuous aspect that the activity is in progress ,or that it is uncompleted ,at  the specified time.
The Pattern :
( +) Subject + to be ( was/were ) + verb – ing + complement
( -) Subject + was not / were not + verb- ing + complement
( ?) Was/were + subject + verb-ing + complement ?
Past Perfect Tense
Past Perfect Tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an action or an event that started in a certain time in the past and completed or finished till certain or an event that had happened before the other event or action happened.
The Pattern:
(+ )Subject + had + verb III + complement
(–)Subject + had not + verb III + complement
(?)Had + subject + verb III + complement ?
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Past Perfect Continuous Tense is like the past perfect tense ,but it  expresses longer actions in the past.

The Pattern :

( +) Subject + Had + been + verb –ing + complement

(-) Subject + Had + not + been + verb-ing + complement

(?) Had + subject + been + verb –ing + complement ?

Perfect Tense

Definition:Present Perfect Tense mengenai suatu kejadian atau peristiwa yang SELESAI (sempurna, perfect) saat ini, contohnya: She has just gone (Dia baru saja pergi).

Rumus Past Perfect Tense:

Positif: S + had + V3

Negatif: S + had + not + V3

Tanya: Had + S + V3

PAST Perfect Tense adalah bentuk lampau (Past) dari Present Perfect Tense itu, makanya disebut Past Perfect Tense, sama-sama Perfectnya! Jelas ya? Kalau Present Perfect Tense menggunakan rumus S + Have/has + V3 maka Past Perfect Tense menggunakan bentuk lampau dari Has/has yaitu “Had”.

Form:

[has/have + past participle]

Examples:

• You have seen that movie many times.
• Have you seen that movie many times?
• You have not seen that movie many times.

Complete List of Present Perfect Forms

USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now

We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.

Examples:

• I have seen that movie twenty times.
• I think I have met him once before.
• There have been many earthquakes in California.
• People have traveled to the Moon.
• People have not traveled to Mars.
• Have you read the book yet?
• Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.
• A: Has there ever been a war in the United States?
  B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.

TOPIC 1

Experience

You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.
Examples:

• I have been to France.
  This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe you have been there once, or several times.
• I have been to France three times.
  You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence.
• I have never been to France.
  This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France.
• I think I have seen that movie before.
• He has never traveled by train.
• Joan has studied two foreign languages.
• A: Have you ever met him?
  B: No, I have not met him.

TOPIC 2

Change Over Time

We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.
Examples:

• You have grown since the last time I saw you.
• The government has become more interested in arts education.
• Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established.
• My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.

TOPIC 3

 Accomplishments

We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.
We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.
Examples:

• Man has walked on the Moon.
• Our son has learned how to read.
• Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.
• Scientists have split the atom.

TOPIC 4

 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting

We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen.
Examples:

• James has not finished his homework yet.
• Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.
• Bill has still not arrived.
• The rain hasn't stopped.

TOPIC 5

Multiple Actions at Different Times

We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible.

Examples:          

-The army has attacked that city five times.

-I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.

-We have had many major problems while working on this project.

-She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.

Time Expressions with Present Perfect

When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important.

Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.

Examples:

-Have you been to Mexico in the last year?

-I have seen that movie six times in the last month.

-They have had three tests in the last week.

-She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for three different companies so far.

-My car has broken down three times this week. 

NOTICE

"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect.

Examples:

-I went to Mexico last year.
-I went to Mexico in the calendar year before this one.

-I have been to Mexico in the last year.
-I have been to Mexico at least once at some point between 365 days ago and now.

 

USE 2

Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect.

Examples:          

-I have had a cold for two weeks.

-She has been in England for six months.

-Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.

Although the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

-You have only seen that movie one time.

-Have you only seen that movie one time?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

-Many tourists have visited that castle. Active

-That castle has been visited by many tourists. Passive

Giving Instruction

Instruction is the command for does something which must in obeying

The example expressions of giving instruction :

a. Open your book!        

b.Close the door, please!

c.Be quiet, please!

d. Move the chair!

e.Open the window!

f.Pass me the sugar, please!

g.Stand up, please!

Giving instruction statement can use :

1. when people ask unknown address

2. when demonstrate a recipe of food or drink

3. When ask somebody to do something that we want

1. Please / don't + Verb + noun

Noun + Verb + please

Example :

· Please open the door

· Open the door, please

· Don't open the door

2. Please / don't + Verb + adverb of place

Verb + adverb of place + please

Example :

· Please come here

· Come here, please

· Don't come here

3. Please / don't + Verb + noun + adverb of place

Example :

· Please open the door in this class

· Don't open the door in this class

4. Be + Adj + Please Be quiet,please

Please + Be + Adj Please,be quite

Don't + Be + Adj Don't be quiet

5 . Be + Adj Be Strong

Respon on giving instruction

· Yes

· No problem

· No I can't

-O.K

Vocabs; Shapes Party of Body

1. Shapes
    Shapes are all the geometrical information that remains when location, scale and rotational effects are   filtered  out from an object.

§  Simple Straight Sided Shapes

Ex: Rectangle(persegi panjang),Square(persegi),Triangle(segitiga).

§  Simple Rounded Shapes

Ex: Circle(lingkaran),Oval(Oval/lonjong)

§  Types of Triangle

Ex:Equilateral triangle(segitiga sama kaki),Isosceles triangle(segitiga sama kaki),rightangled triangle(segitiga siku-siku).

§  2D and 3Shapes

Ex:Cone(kerucut),cube(kubus),cylinder(tabung),pyramid(limas),rectangular(balok).prism(prisma),sphere(bola)

§  Mathematical Shapes

Ex:Parallegram(jajar genjang),pentagon-5sides(segi5),hexagon-6sides(segi6),Octagen-8sides(segi8).

§  Miscellaneous Shapes

Ex:Coffin,diamnond(belah ketupat),heart(hati),kite(layang-layang),petal,shell(kerang/tiram),star(bintang),teadrop.

Part of Body

1.Head=Kepala

2.Hair=Rambut

3.Neck=Leher

4.Throat=Tenggorokan

5.Shoulder=Bahu

6.Chest=Dada

7.Back=Punggung

8.Waist=Pinggang

9.Stomach=Perut

10.Hip=Pinggul

11.Bottom=Pantat

12.Armpit=Ketiak

13.Arm=Lengan

14.Upper arm=Lengan Atas

15.Elbow=Siku

16.Foearm=Lengan Bawah

17.Fist=Kepalan Tangan

18.Hand=Tangan

19.Thumb=Ibu Jari

20.Finger=Jari Tangan

21.Thigh=Paha

22.Knee=Lutut

23.Ankle=Pergelangan Kaki

24.Foot=Kaki

25.Heel=Tumit

26.Toes=Jari Kaki