Direct speech and
Indirect
Speech
Direct
speech is refers to reproducing another person’s exact word or saying
exactly
what someone has said(sometimes calles quoted speech) here what a person
says
appears within quotation(“…”) and should be word for word.
Example
of Direct Speech:
1.Deli
said.”I’m very busy.”
2.They
said.”we have a bought a picture.”
3.He
said,”I am learning my lesson.”
4.You
said,”I will come help him.”
5.Ridha
will say,”I will do my best.”
Indirect speech refers to reproducing the idea of
another
person’s words that doesn’t use quotation marks to enclose what the
person said
and it doesn’t have to be word for word.
Indirect speech is sometimes called reported
speech.
There are 3 kinds of indirect speech:
1.Imperrative(command/request)
2.Interrogative(question)
3.Declarative(statement)
Direct speech Indirect speech
Present
simple
Past
simple
Vita said, “I eat fried rice.
Vita said that she ate fried rice.
Past
simple
Past
Perfect
Mother said, “I went to market
yesterday”.
Mother said (that) she had gone to market the day
before.
Future simple Past Future
Lea said, “I am going to wash
my clothes”. Lea said (that) she was going to wash her
clothes.
Dave said, “I will buy
an I-Pod next week”. Dave said (that) he would buy an
I-Pod the week after.
Present
continuous
Past continuous
Gama said, “I am playing
football”.
Gama said he was playing football.
Past
continuous
Past
perfect continuous
She said, “I was teaching
earlier.”
She said she had been teaching earlier.
▪
When we want to report what someone said, we do not usually repeat their
exact
words, we use our words. We can use reporting verbs, such as
tell, say,
ask followed by ‘that-clause’.
Example: My mother said that
she got up at
4 o’clock.
▪
When reporting verbs is in the Present, Present Perfect, or
Future,
there is no change of tense in the words reported.
Example: She will tell you
She
says
(that) she
doesn’t know.
She has just saidIn time expressions and
pronouns
|
Direct speech
|
Indirect speech
|
|
Now
Today/tonight
Yesterday
Tomorrow
Last week
Next week
Ago
|
Then
That day/that night
The day before/the
previous day
The next/following day
The previous week
The following week/the
week after
Before
|
|
This/these
Here
Pronouns
|
That/those
There
They change according
to the context
|
Sometimes we need to report
someone’s questions. The reported question are introduced with the verb ask, inquire, wonder, want to know, etc.
|
Type
|
Form
|
Examples
|
|
Yes-No questions
|
Ask
+ if/whether + subject + verb
Wonder etc.
|
“Do you speak English?”
- He wondered if I spoke English.
|
|
Wh-questions
|
Ask
+ question word + subject + verb
Wonder etc.
|
“What are you watching?”
- She asked what I am watching.
|
Descritiptive
Text
-Descriptive
text is available for a screen reader device to audibly describe a graph
or map
so a visually impaired user can understand the graphical information .
Or to
describe the characteristic of particular Person, thing , or place .
-Generic structure of
descritiptive text :
Descritiptive text has structure
as below:
Identification,identifity the
phenomenon to be
describe.
Description;describing the
phenomecharacteristictinon in parts,qualities,or/and.
-The language feature of
descriptive text:
·
Using
attributive and indentifity
process.
·
Using
adjective and classifiers in
nominal group.
·
Using
simple present tense.
News
Item
1.Definition news item:
News item is a text which informs
readers about
events of the day. The events are considered newsworthy or important.
2.Generic Structure of
News Item:
1.Newsworthy event
2.Background Events
3.Source
3.Language Feature of News Item
1.Using
Action Verbs
2.Using Saying Verbs
3.Using
Passive Sentence
4.
Examples and structures of the text:
Town Contaminated
Newsworthy events:
Moscow – A Russian journalist has uncovered evidence
of
another Soviet nuclear catastrophe, which killed 10 sailors and
contaminated an
entire town.
Background Events:
Yelena Vazrshavskya is the first journalist to speak
to
people who witnessed the explosion of a nuclear submarine at the naval
base of
shkotovo – 22 near Vladivostock.
The accident, which occurred 13 months before the Chernobyl disaster,
spread
radioactive fall-out over the base and nearby town, but was covered up
by
officials of the Soviet Union. Residents were told the explosion in the
reactor
of the Victor-class submarine during a refit had been a ‘thermal’ and
not a
nuclear explosion. And those involved in the clean up operation to
remove more
than 600 tones of contaminated material were sworn to secrecy.
Source
Sources A board of investigators was later to describe it as the worst
accident
in the history of the Soviet Navy.
Finite
Verbs
Defition of finite verbs:
A non-finite verb
has no subject, tense or number. The only non-finite verb forms are the
infinitive (indicated by to), the gerund or the participle.
Some Types Tense:
- Finite verb forms include: I go, she goes, he went
- Non-finite verb forms include: to go, going, gone
Identify the finite verbs in a
sentence:
- Most finite
verbs can take an -ed or a -d at the end of the word
to
indicate time in the past:cough, coughed; celebrate,
celebrated.
Nearly all finite verbs take an -s at the end of the word to
indicate the present when the subject of the verb is third-person
singular: cough, he coughs; celebrate, she celebrates.
- Finite
verbs are often groups of words that include such auxiliary verbs
as can,
must, have, and be: can be suffering, must eat, will
have
gone.
- Finite
verbs usually follow their subjects: He coughs. The documents
had
compromised him. They will have gone.
- Finite
verbs surround their subjects when some forms of a question are
asked:
Is he coughing? Did they celebrate?
Noun
Phrases
A noun phrase is
either a single noun
or pronoun or a group of words containing a
noun or a pronoun that function together as a noun or pronoun, as the subject or object
of a verb.
§
Examples Of Noun Phrases:
EG: John was late.
('John' is the noun phrase functioning as the subject of the verb.)
EG: The people that I saw coming in the building at nine o'clock have
just
left.
('The people ... nine o'clock' is a lengthy noun phrase, but it
functions as
the subject of the main verb 'have just left').
To begin our
discussion,
we must first establish the notion of a noun.
English teachers
commonly identify nouns by their content.
They describe nouns as words that "identify people, places, or
things," as well as feelings or ideas—words like salesman ,
farm , balcony , bicycle ,
and trust. If you can usually
put the word a or the
before a word, it’s a noun. If you can make the word plural or
singular,
it's a noun. But don't worry...all that is needed at the moment is a
sense of
what a noun might be.
What if a single noun
isn't specific enough for our purposes?
How then do we modify a noun to construct a more specific
reference?
English places
modifiers
before a noun. Here we indicate the
noun that is at the center of a noun phrase by an asterisk (*) and
modifiers by
arrows pointed toward the noun they modify.
white house
*
large
man
*
Modification is a somewhat technical
term in linguistics. It
does not mean to change something, as when we "modify" a car or
dress. To modify means to limit, restrict, characterize, or otherwise
focus
meaning. We use this meaning throughout the discussion here.
Modifiers before the
noun
are called pre-modifiers. All of
the pre-modifiers that are present and the noun together form a noun phrase .
NOUN
PHRASE
pre-modifiers noun
*
By contrast, languages
such as Spanish and French place modifiers after the noun
casa blanca white
house
*
homme grand big
man
*
The most common pre-modifiers are
adjectives, such as red , long , hot . Other types
of words often play this same role.
Not only articles
the water
*
but also
verbs
running water
*
and possessive pronouns
her thoughts
*
pre-modifiers limit the
reference in a wide variety of ways.
Order: second,
last
Location: kitchen,
westerly
Source
or Origin: Canadian
Color: red,
dark
Smell: acrid,
scented
Material: metal,
oak
Size: large,
5-inch
Weight: heavy
Luster: shiny,
dull
A number of
pre-modifiers must appear first if they appear at all.
Specification:
a,
the, every
Designation: this,
that, those, these
Ownership/Possessive: my,
your, its, their, Mary’s
Number:
one,
many
These words typically
signal the beginning of a noun phrase.
Some noun phrases are
short:
the table
® *
Some are long:
the second shiny red
Swedish touring sedan
*
a large smelly red
Irish setter
*
my carved green
Venetian glass salad bowl
*
the three old
Democratic legislators
*
Notice that each
construction would function as a single unit within a sentence. (We offer a test for this below,)
The noun phrase is the
most common unit in English sentences.
That prevalence can be seen in the following excerpt from an
example
from the section on the choice of language:
The stock
market’s
summer swoon turned into a dramatic rout
Monday as the Dow Jones industrial average plunged.
The stock
market’s
summer swoon turned into a dramatic rout
*
*
Monday as the Dow
Jones industrial average plunged.
*
*
To appreciate the rich
possibilities of pre-modifiers, you have only to see how much you can
expand a
premodifier in a noun phrase:
The book
The history book
The American history book
The illustrated American history book
The recent illustrated American history book
The recent controversial illustrated American history book
The recent controversial illustrated leather bound American history book
We were all taught
about
pre -modifiers: adjectives appearing before a noun in
school. Teachers rarely speak as much
about adding words after the initial
reference. Just as we find pre -modifiers,
we also find post -modifiers—modifiers
coming after
a noun.
The most common
post-modifiers are prepositional phrases:
the book on the
table
*
civil conflict in
Africa
*
the Senate of the
United States
*
Post-modifiers can be
short
a dream deferred
*
or long, as in Martin
Luther King Jr.’s reference to
a dream that one
day on the red hills of Georgia the sons
of former slaves
*
and the sons of former
slaveowners will be able to sit down
together
at a table of
brotherhood.
Post-modifiers commonly
answer the traditional news reporting questions of who , what ,
where
, when , how , or why . Noun post-modifiers commonly take the following
forms:
prepositional phrase
the dog in the store
*
_ing phrase
the girl running to the
store
*
_ed past tense
the man wanted by the police
*
wh - clauses
the house where
I was born
*
that/which clauses
the
thought that I had
yesterday
*
If you see a
preposition, wh - word ( which, who,
when where ),
-ing verb form,
or that or which after a
noun, you
can suspect a post-modifier and the completion of a noun phrase.
In school, we were
taught that pronouns replaced nouns .
Not so. Pronouns replace complete
noun phrasesPronoun replacement
thus offers a test of a complete noun phrase. Consider:
The boy ate the apple
in
the pie.
The
boy
ate the apple
in the pie.
*
Want proof? Introduce
the pronoun “it” into the sentence. If
a pronoun truly replaces a noun, we’d get
*The boy ate the it in
the pie.
No native speaker would
say that! They’d say
The boy ate it.
The pronoun replaces
the
complete noun phrase, the apple in the
pie .
Simple Future
Definition:
Simple Future Tense is used to
describing job or action that will to do (happened) at future.
The
Formula:
1. Will
(+) S + shall/will + Verb I
(-) S + shall/will + not + Verb I
(?) Shall/will + S + Verb I?
2. Going to
(+) S + be + going to + Verb I
(-) S + be + not + goimg to + Verb I
(?) be + S + going to + Verb I?
How
do we use the Simple Future
Tense?
·
No Plan: we use the simple
future tense
when there is no plan or decision to do something before we speak. We
make the
decision spontaneously at the time of speaking.
Example:
- Hold on.
I'll get a pen.
- We will
see what we can do to help you.
- Maybe we'll
stay in and watch television tonight
- I think
I'll go to the gym tomorrow.
- I think I
will have a holiday next year.
- I don't
think I'll buy that car.
·
Prediction: we often use the simple
future
tense to make a prediction about the future. Again, there is no firm
plan. We
are saying what we think will happen.
Example:
- It will
rain tomorrow.
- People
won't go to Jupiter before the 22nd century.
- Who do you
think will get the job?
Notes:
1.The written lesson is below.
2.Links to quizzes, tests, etc. are
to the left.
The future tense is used to tell
what "will" happen, or what "shall" happen.
-I will go to the beach next
month.
-I shall write the letter next week.
But, the future tense is not
used to express a willingness to do something. For this, use the verb
"querer."
Note:
That when we have a plan or intention to do something in the future, we
usually
use other tenses or expressions, such as the present continuous tense or
going
to.
Time signal:
1. Tomorrow…
- Morning
- Afternoon
- Evening
- Night
2.
Next…
- Time
- Week
- Month
- Year
- January
4.
Tonight
4. The day after tomorrow
5. Soon
6. Later
7. Two, three more days
8. Two, three days later
Offering
1.Definition of OFFERING
a
:
the act of one who offers
b
:
something offered; especially
:
a sacrifice ceremonially offered as a part of worship c
:
a contribution to the support of a church.
b:
something offered for sale or patronage <latest
offerings
of the leading novelists>
a: a course of
instruction or study
Examples of OFFERING
- Each
household must make
daily offerings
to the gods.
- The
company is trying to generate interest in its new offerings.
- the
café's tasty dessert offerings
Asking If
Someone Remembers or Not
Definition:
Asking
if someone remembers or not is a better way to remind someone about
something
or maybe can be used to ensure about memories of someone.
1.Formal
Expression:
·
I wonder if you
remember..
·
You remember .. don’t
you ?
·
You haven”t
forgetten..have you ?
·
Don”t you remember ..?
·
Do you happen to
remember it now ..?
·
Do you remember ..?
Responds If you remembers in formal
:
·
Let me think,yes I
remember ..
·
I remember especially
the scenery.
·
I’ll never forget that.
·
I’ll always remember
·
I can remember it
clearly.
2.Informal Expression:
·
Remember the old house
we used to
live ?
·
Remember our favorite
song we used
to singing ?
·
Remember when we first
met 3 years
ago ?
·
Remember that ?
Responds If you remember in informal
:
·
Hold on.Yes,I got it!
·
I know..
·
Wait a minute..yeah I
get it!
·
Gimme a jiffy to
remember!
·
It’s coming back to me
now.
·
Alright.I remember it!
Responds if you forget:
·
Sorry,I’ve completely
forgotten.
·
I’m afraid I have no
memory of him.
·
I;m sorry,I don’t
remember.
·
Sorry,it slipped of my
mind.
